## Examles by Keyword

The Pythia examples directory contains about 100 examples, each showcasing one or several features of the framework. The examples are ordered by keyword below, and cross referenced, allowing for exploration of the various features. A new user may want to start with examples presenting the Basic Usage before going on to explore more advanced topics. Below, the search box can be used to search for keywords which will be displayed the box. This is followed by an expandable list of keywords with links. Finally, a full list of keywords and the relevant examples for each keyword is provided. The code for the example can be accessed by clicking on the name of the example.

● aMC@NLO● Analysis● Angantyr● anti‑kT● arXiv:2108.03481 [hep‑ph]● Astroparticle● B decays● Basic usage● Beam gas● Beam momentum● Biasing● BSM● Celljet● Centrality● Charged multiplicity● CKKW‑L● Colour reconnection● Command file● Command line option● Cosmic ray cascade● Cross sections● Dark matter● Diffraction● Dire● DIS● Displaced vertex● DPS● Electron‑positron● Event display● Event filter● Event record● Event shapes● EvtGen● Exclusive● External decays● External derived class● External resonance● Extra dimensions● Fastjet● Fixed target● FxFx● Hadron widths● Hadronic rescattering● Hadronization● Hard diffraction● HDF5 file● Heavy ions● Helaconia● Hepmc● Hidden Valley● Histograms● Jet finding● Jets● kT● Leading order● LHAPDF● LHE file● LHEF● Lheh5● Low energy● Madgraph● Matching● Matplotlib● Merging● Minimum bias● MLM● MPI● Multi‑instance● Multiplicities● NL3● NLO● Onia● OpenMP● Parallelism● Particle data● Parton distribution● PDFs● Performance● Photon beam● Photon‑photon● Photoproduction● Pileup● Powheg● Process cross sections● Process selection● Process veto● Proton‑ion● pT bias● pT spectra● Pythia 6● Python● R‑hadron● Random number generator● Rescattering● Resonance decay● Resonances● reuse MPI initialization● Reweighting● Rivet● Root● Rope hadronization● Second interaction● Slowjet● String shoving● Supersymmetry● Switch beam● Switch collision energy● Tevatron● Top● Top mass● Tuning● Two‑body decay● UMEPS● Uncertainty bands● UNLOPS● UPC● User hook● Userhooks● Vertex spread● Vincia● Weak showers● Z production

### aMC@NLO

- main34.cc: demonstrates how Madgraph5_aMC@NLO can be run "from within" Pythia, making use of the `LHAupMadgraph` wrapper/interface of Madgraph5_aMC@NLO and the Pythia jet matching facilities.
- main34.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main34.cc`. Demonstrates usage of a PYTHIA plugin within the Python interface.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### Analysis

- main112.cc: p-Pb collisions at LHC energies, using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions, and analyzing events by centrality bins.
- main121.cc: set up automatic uncertainty band variations to PDFs and factorization and renormalization scales.
- main16.cc: put all user analysis code into a class of its own, separate from the main program; provide the "cards file" name as a command-line argument. Also exemplifies how Higgs mass, width and branching ratios can be set by hand.
- main18.cc: shows how to write an event filter class, where you keep a vector of pointers to the subset of particles you want to study further. The event record itself remains unchanged.
- main30.cc: example how to create a tailor-made copy of the ordinary event record, here with hard-process history tracing closer to the PYTHIA 6 conventions.
- main91.cc: shows how ROOT can be used for histogramming in a program that for the rest is structured like a normal PYTHIA run.
- main93.cc: streamlined event generation with possibility to output ROOT files, output HepMC files and run RIVET analyses, all by specifying output modes in a cmnd file, where also the event generator settings are specified. The example is run with command line options, run `./main93 -h` to see a full list. See ROOT Usage for information about ROOT output, RIVET Usage for information about RIVET and HepMC Interface for information about HepMC.

### Angantyr

- main111.cc: simple pp collisions as in `main01.cc`, but using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions. Also shows how Rivet analyses can be set up easily using a special interface.
- main112.cc: p-Pb collisions at LHC energies, using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions, and analyzing events by centrality bins.
- main113.cc: Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies, using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions, and analyzing events by centrality bins.

### anti‑kT

- main10.cc: illustration how userHooks can be used interact directly with the event-generation process.
- main10.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main10.cc`. Provides an example of how to derive PYTHIA classes in Python.

### arXiv:2108.03481 [hep‑ph]

- main181.cc: plot PDFs for a large number of hadrons.
- main182.cc: test switching between hadron beams on an event-by-event basis. Compare running times for different scenarios.

### Astroparticle

- main07.cc: set up a fictitious production process to a generic resonance, where you easily can compose your own list of (two-body) decay modes to a variety of final states. Also traces decay chains down to truly stable particles: gamma, e+-, p/pbar and neutrinos. Suitable for astroparticle applications, like neutralino pair annihilation, where cross sections are calculated separately in another program. Also shows how to plot histograms using the Python/Matplotlib/Pyplot solution.

### B decays

- main15.cc: loop over several tries, either to redo B decays only or to redo the complete hadronization chain of an event. Since much of the generation process is only made once this is a way to increase efficiency.
- main48.cc: demonstrates how to use the `EvtGenDecays` class provided by `include/Pythia8Plugins/EvtGen.h` to perform decays with the `EvtGen` package. The `main48.cc` header contains special instructions how to configure PYTHIA for use with `EvtGen`.

### Basic usage

- main01.cc: a simple study of the charged multiplicity for jet events at the LHC (brief example fitting on one slide).
- main01.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main01.cc`.
- main02.cc: a simple study of the <ei>pT</ei> spectrum of Z bosons at the Tevatron (brief example fitting on one slide).
- main03.cc: a simple study of several different kinds of events, with the choice to be made in the `main03.cmnd` "cards file". Also shows how to plot histograms using the Python/Matplotlib/Pyplot solution.
- main04.cc: tests of cross sections, multiplicities and average transverse momenta for elastic, diffractive and nondiffractive topologies, using `main04.cmnd` to pick processes. For photoproduction one can use the alternative `main04_photons.cmnd` input.
- main05.cc: generation of QCD jet events at the LHC, with jet analysis using the `SlowJet` inclusive anti-<ei>kT</ei> sequential-recombination finder and the `CellJet` cone-jet finder.
- main06.cc: generation of LEP1 hadronic events, i.e. <ei>e^+e^- → gamma*/Z^0 → q qbar</ei>, with charged multiplicity, sphericity, thrust and jet analysis.
- main08.cc: generation of the QCD jet cross section biased towards higher pT values, by two different techniques. Firstly, by splitting the run into subruns, each in its own <ei>pT</ei> bin, and adding the results properly reweighted. Two suboptions, with limits set either in the main program or by subrun specification in the `main08.cmnd` file. Secondly, by a continuous reweighting with a <ei>pT^4</ei> bias in the selection, compensated by a <ei>1/pT^4</ei> event weight. Also inclusion of soft processes is illustrated, with subruns and weighted events.
- main11.cc: a study of top events, fed in from the Les Houches Event File `ttbar.lhe`, here generated by PYTHIA 6.4. This file currently only contains 100 events so as not to make the distributed PYTHIA package too big, and so serves mainly as a demonstration of the principles involved.
- main12.cc: a more sophisticated variant of `main11.cc`, where two Les Houches Event Files (`ttbar.lhe` and `ttbar2.lhe`) successively are used as input. Also illustrating some other aspects, like the capability to mix in internally generated events.
- main13.cc: a streamlined version of `main12.cc`, where two Les Houches Event Files (`ttbar.lhe` and `ttbar2.lhe`) successively are used as input in `main13.cmnd` file.
- main16.cc: put all user analysis code into a class of its own, separate from the main program; provide the "cards file" name as a command-line argument. Also exemplifies how Higgs mass, width and branching ratios can be set by hand.
- main20.cc: shows how PYTHIA 8 can write a Les Houches Event File, using facilities potentially useful also for other programs to write an LHEF. See also `main64.cc`.
- main24.cc: tests of internally implemented cross sections for Supersymmetric particle production, with SUSY spectrum defined in `slha2-example.spc` and settings in `main24.cmnd`. For illustration, an alternative example spectrum is also available, `sps1aWithDecays.spc`, which contains a decay table in SLHA format.
- main25.cc: input RPV-SUSY events from an LHEF file that contains an SLHA spectrum inside its header. The event file, `main25.lhe`, contains a sample events that illustrate how to arrange color tags in the presence of the color-space epsilon tensors that accompany baryon number violating event topologies.
- main36.cc: demonstrates how to generate Deeply Inelastic Scattering events, e.g. in a HERA configuration.
- main37.cc: shows how LHEF version 3.0 files can be read and used to fill several histograms of the same property, but with different event weights.
- main38.cc: an extended version of `main37.cc`, where additionally it is shown how to extract many different kinds of LHEF version 3.0 information.
- main41.cc: similar to `main01`, except that the event record is output in the HepMC event record format. Requires that HepMC3 is properly linked. Note that the `hepmcout41.dat` output file can become quite big; so no example is included in this distribution.
- main42.cc: a streamlined version for the generation of events that are then stored in HepMC format, without any event analysis. That is, all physics studies will have to be done afterwards. The name of the input "cards file" (e.g. `main42.cmnd`) and output HepMC event file (e.g. `hepmcout42.dat`) are to be provided as command-line arguments. Requires that HepMC3 is properly linked. Note that the HepMC output file can become quite big; so no example is included in this distribution.
- main64.cc: exemplifies how LHEF version 3 events can be written on an external file.
- main72.cc: a comparison of SlowJet and FastJet jet finding, showing that they find the same jets if run under identical conditions, in this case for QCD jets.
- main73.cc: a comparison of jet properties on the parton and the hadron level, illustrating possibilities for larger control of which particles are used in the jet analyses.
- main76.cc: simple setup for Dark Matter production in several different scenarios, as specified in `main76.cmnd`, notably with long-lived particle signatures.

### Beam gas

- main19.cc: use several instances of Pythia, one for signal events and others for a variable number of pileup and "beam-gas" events, combined into one common event record. Illustrates how new Pythia instances can copy existing settings and particle data.

### Beam momentum

- main23.cc: shows how to write external classes, derived from PYTHIA base classes, that can be handed to PYTHIA for internal generation. The MIXMAX random number generator is this way compared with the default PYTHIA one. Explicit implementations are included for the generation of external beam momentum spread and vertex location, and for a simple scaling external parton distribution set.

### Biasing

- main08.cc: generation of the QCD jet cross section biased towards higher pT values, by two different techniques. Firstly, by splitting the run into subruns, each in its own <ei>pT</ei> bin, and adding the results properly reweighted. Two suboptions, with limits set either in the main program or by subrun specification in the `main08.cmnd` file. Secondly, by a continuous reweighting with a <ei>pT^4</ei> bias in the selection, compensated by a <ei>1/pT^4</ei> event weight. Also inclusion of soft processes is illustrated, with subruns and weighted events.
- main09.cc: generation of two predetermined hard interactions in each event.
- main63.cc: exemplifies how rare emissions can be enhanced in the shower.

### BSM

- main24.cc: tests of internally implemented cross sections for Supersymmetric particle production, with SUSY spectrum defined in `slha2-example.spc` and settings in `main24.cmnd`. For illustration, an alternative example spectrum is also available, `sps1aWithDecays.spc`, which contains a decay table in SLHA format.
- main26.cc: test program for processes in scenarios with large extra dimensions or unparticles.
- main27.cc: production of Kaluza-Klein <ei>gamma/Z</ei> states in TeV-sized extra dimensions.
- main28.cc: production of long-lived R-hadrons, that are forced to decay at a separate vertices and possibly with changed momenta.
- main75.cc: setup (in `main75.cmnd`) for Dark Matter production via an <ei>s</ei>-channel mediator, where a mono-jet <ei>pT</ei> spectrum is found with the FastJet package.
- main76.cc: simple setup for Dark Matter production in several different scenarios, as specified in `main76.cmnd`, notably with long-lived particle signatures.

### Celljet

- main05.cc: generation of QCD jet events at the LHC, with jet analysis using the `SlowJet` inclusive anti-<ei>kT</ei> sequential-recombination finder and the `CellJet` cone-jet finder.

### Centrality

- main112.cc: p-Pb collisions at LHC energies, using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions, and analyzing events by centrality bins.
- main113.cc: Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies, using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions, and analyzing events by centrality bins.

### Charged multiplicity

- main01.cc: a simple study of the charged multiplicity for jet events at the LHC (brief example fitting on one slide).
- main01.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main01.cc`.
- main112.cc: p-Pb collisions at LHC energies, using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions, and analyzing events by centrality bins.
- main113.cc: Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies, using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions, and analyzing events by centrality bins.
- main162.cc: equivalent to `main161.cc`, but is much more heavily commented to give more in-depth explanations of how the code works.
- main162.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main162.cc`.

### CKKW‑L

- main280.cc: do CKKW-L merging with the VINCIA sector shower with HepMC2 output to use in RIVET analyses. Also redirects all Pythia output to a log file to reduce terminal output.
- main84.cc: do CKKW-L merging with output in such a way that it can be used in subsequent RIVET analyses. Input is provided by the `main84.cmnd` file and the three data files `w+_production_lhc_0.lhe`, `w+_production_lhc_1.lhe` and `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe`.
- main85.cc: do CKKW-L merging, with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main85.cmnd` file. This example program allows the use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, and on which Pythia itself should enforce the more restrictive merging scale cut. The example program can be used with the input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe` and `w_production_tree_2.lhe`.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### Colour reconnection

- main101.cc: shows how the string shoving mechanism, part of the rope hadronization framework, can be set up and used to generate ridge effects.
- main102.cc: shows how flavour production is changed in the rope hadronization framework.
- main29.cc: colour reconnection models studied for top production. Illustrates how to set up the user hooks in `include/Pythia8Plugins/ColourReconnectionHooks.h`, with several models not found in the standard PYTHIA library.

### Command file

- main03.cc: a simple study of several different kinds of events, with the choice to be made in the `main03.cmnd` "cards file". Also shows how to plot histograms using the Python/Matplotlib/Pyplot solution.
- main04.cc: tests of cross sections, multiplicities and average transverse momenta for elastic, diffractive and nondiffractive topologies, using `main04.cmnd` to pick processes. For photoproduction one can use the alternative `main04_photons.cmnd` input.
- main103.cc: shows how to use a filter to select a specific final state from resonance decays.
- main13.cc: a streamlined version of `main12.cc`, where two Les Houches Event Files (`ttbar.lhe` and `ttbar2.lhe`) successively are used as input in `main13.cmnd` file.
- main16.cc: put all user analysis code into a class of its own, separate from the main program; provide the "cards file" name as a command-line argument. Also exemplifies how Higgs mass, width and branching ratios can be set by hand.
- main24.cc: tests of internally implemented cross sections for Supersymmetric particle production, with SUSY spectrum defined in `slha2-example.spc` and settings in `main24.cmnd`. For illustration, an alternative example spectrum is also available, `sps1aWithDecays.spc`, which contains a decay table in SLHA format.
- main300.cc: allows to steer Pythia from the command line and can produce HepMC files and allows for OpenMP parallelization. More documentation can be obtained by executing `./main300 --help`. The input file main300.cmnd further illustrates the use of DIRE.
- main42.cc: a streamlined version for the generation of events that are then stored in HepMC format, without any event analysis. That is, all physics studies will have to be done afterwards. The name of the input "cards file" (e.g. `main42.cmnd`) and output HepMC event file (e.g. `hepmcout42.dat`) are to be provided as command-line arguments. Requires that HepMC3 is properly linked. Note that the HepMC output file can become quite big; so no example is included in this distribution.
- main43.cc: a further extension of `main42.cc`, where subruns are used to process several consecutive LHEF, as in `main13.cc`, with information stored e.g in `main43.cmnd`. Other comments as for `main42.cc`.
- main93.cc: streamlined event generation with possibility to output ROOT files, output HepMC files and run RIVET analyses, all by specifying output modes in a cmnd file, where also the event generator settings are specified. The example is run with command line options, run `./main93 -h` to see a full list. See ROOT Usage for information about ROOT output, RIVET Usage for information about RIVET and HepMC Interface for information about HepMC.

### Command line option

- main16.cc: put all user analysis code into a class of its own, separate from the main program; provide the "cards file" name as a command-line argument. Also exemplifies how Higgs mass, width and branching ratios can be set by hand.
- main300.cc: allows to steer Pythia from the command line and can produce HepMC files and allows for OpenMP parallelization. More documentation can be obtained by executing `./main300 --help`. The input file main300.cmnd further illustrates the use of DIRE.
- main42.cc: a streamlined version for the generation of events that are then stored in HepMC format, without any event analysis. That is, all physics studies will have to be done afterwards. The name of the input "cards file" (e.g. `main42.cmnd`) and output HepMC event file (e.g. `hepmcout42.dat`) are to be provided as command-line arguments. Requires that HepMC3 is properly linked. Note that the HepMC output file can become quite big; so no example is included in this distribution.
- main93.cc: streamlined event generation with possibility to output ROOT files, output HepMC files and run RIVET analyses, all by specifying output modes in a cmnd file, where also the event generator settings are specified. The example is run with command line options, run `./main93 -h` to see a full list. See ROOT Usage for information about ROOT output, RIVET Usage for information about RIVET and HepMC Interface for information about HepMC.

### Cosmic ray cascade

- main183.cc: simple example of how Pythia can be used to simulate a basic hadronic cascade in the atmosphere.
- main184.cc: as `main183.cc`, but using the `PythiaCascade` class to perform the separate collisions or decays, while the bookkeeping of the cascade evolution remains in the main program.
- main185.cc: an even simpler example of one collision or decay at a time, as performed in `PythiaCascade`.

### Cross sections

- main04.cc: tests of cross sections, multiplicities and average transverse momenta for elastic, diffractive and nondiffractive topologies, using `main04.cmnd` to pick processes. For photoproduction one can use the alternative `main04_photons.cmnd` input.
- main154.cc: plot the energy dependence of the low-energy cross sections used in the hadronic rescattering framework.
- main155.cc: plot the energy dependence of the low-energy cross sections, specifically the contribution from resonances.

### Dark matter

- main207.cc: VINCIA electroweak showers off an LHEF file for dark-matter annihilation. The VINCIA EW shower requires hard-process partons with assigned helicities. In this example, these are read in from the LHEF file.
- main75.cc: setup (in `main75.cmnd`) for Dark Matter production via an <ei>s</ei>-channel mediator, where a mono-jet <ei>pT</ei> spectrum is found with the FastJet package.

### Diffraction

- main04.cc: tests of cross sections, multiplicities and average transverse momenta for elastic, diffractive and nondiffractive topologies, using `main04.cmnd` to pick processes. For photoproduction one can use the alternative `main04_photons.cmnd` input.
- main61.cc: exemplifies the generation of hard diffractive processes.
- main68.cc: exemplifies hard diffraction in the context of a photon-inside-lepton beam, like a HERA.

### Dire

- main200.cc: simple example of the VINCIA (or DIRE) shower model(s), on Z decays at LEP I, with some basic event shapes, spectra, and multiplicity counts.
- main201.cc: comparison of VINCIA and Pythia on inclusive jets at LHC, with option to run the two generators in parallel using OpenMP. See `main204.cc` for how to do this with the Parallelism framework.
- main202.cc: VINCIA setup for ttbar production at LHC, with measurement of run time and options to switch various shower and MPI/hadronization components on/off via command file.
- main204.cc: demonstrates the example of `main201` using the Parallelism framework.
- main300.cc: allows to steer Pythia from the command line and can produce HepMC files and allows for OpenMP parallelization. More documentation can be obtained by executing `./main300 --help`. The input file main300.cmnd further illustrates the use of DIRE.

### DIS

- main36.cc: demonstrates how to generate Deeply Inelastic Scattering events, e.g. in a HERA configuration.
- main68.cc: exemplifies hard diffraction in the context of a photon-inside-lepton beam, like a HERA.
- main70.cc: exemplifies how to provide an external photon flux for photo-production processes.

### Displaced vertex

- main28.cc: production of long-lived R-hadrons, that are forced to decay at a separate vertices and possibly with changed momenta.

### DPS

- main77.cc: example on how double parton scattering events can be reweighted according to a different model than default in Pythia. Contributed by Boris Blok and Paolo Gunnellini.

### Electron‑positron

- main06.cc: generation of LEP1 hadronic events, i.e. <ei>e^+e^- → gamma*/Z^0 → q qbar</ei>, with charged multiplicity, sphericity, thrust and jet analysis.
- main200.cc: simple example of the VINCIA (or DIRE) shower model(s), on Z decays at LEP I, with some basic event shapes, spectra, and multiplicity counts.

### Event display

- main94.cc: use ROOT to visualize the particles produced by Pythia in (y,phi)-space.
- main95.cc: use ROOT to visualize different jet algoritms in (y,phi)-space. The jet clustering is done with FastJet. The produced figure was used in the article "50 years of Quantum Chromodynamics" in celebration of the 50th anniversary of QCD (EPJC).

### Event filter

- main18.cc: shows how to write an event filter class, where you keep a vector of pointers to the subset of particles you want to study further. The event record itself remains unchanged.

### Event record

- main30.cc: example how to create a tailor-made copy of the ordinary event record, here with hard-process history tracing closer to the PYTHIA 6 conventions.

### Event shapes

- main06.cc: generation of LEP1 hadronic events, i.e. <ei>e^+e^- → gamma*/Z^0 → q qbar</ei>, with charged multiplicity, sphericity, thrust and jet analysis.

### EvtGen

- main48.cc: demonstrates how to use the `EvtGenDecays` class provided by `include/Pythia8Plugins/EvtGen.h` to perform decays with the `EvtGen` package. The `main48.cc` header contains special instructions how to configure PYTHIA for use with `EvtGen`.

### Exclusive

- main78.cc: demonstrates how to generate different types of photon-initiated dilepton events in proton-proton collisions.

### External decays

- main17.cc: shows (a) how to use UserHooks to regularize onium cross section for pT → 0, and (b) how decays could be handled externally.
- main48.cc: demonstrates how to use the `EvtGenDecays` class provided by `include/Pythia8Plugins/EvtGen.h` to perform decays with the `EvtGen` package. The `main48.cc` header contains special instructions how to configure PYTHIA for use with `EvtGen`.

### External derived class

- main23.cc: shows how to write external classes, derived from PYTHIA base classes, that can be handed to PYTHIA for internal generation. The MIXMAX random number generator is this way compared with the default PYTHIA one. Explicit implementations are included for the generation of external beam momentum spread and vertex location, and for a simple scaling external parton distribution set.

### External resonance

- main22.cc: shows how an external resonance can be implemented as a new class derived from a PYTHIA base class, and be used in an external process, both of them handed in for generation as with normal internal classes.
- main62.cc: illustrates how a user hook can be made to steer the angular distribution selection in resonance decays. The prime example would be if LHEF input, e.g. from Madgraph, contains undecayed resonances with helicity information. These would then be decayed isotropically by PYTHIA, but this example shows how one could do better. Some input in `main62.cmnd`.

### Extra dimensions

- main26.cc: test program for processes in scenarios with large extra dimensions or unparticles.
- main27.cc: production of Kaluza-Klein <ei>gamma/Z</ei> states in TeV-sized extra dimensions.

### Fastjet

- main71.cc: an example how the FastJet jet finding package can be linked to allow an analysis of the final state, in this case for a study of <ei>W + jet</ei> production.
- main72.cc: a comparison of SlowJet and FastJet jet finding, showing that they find the same jets if run under identical conditions, in this case for QCD jets.
- main74.cc: exemplifies how to use one of the contributed add-ons to the FastJet package. In this case the modified Mass Drop Tagger is used to improve the mass reconstruction of a boosted hadronically decaying <ei>Z^0</ei>.
- main75.cc: setup (in `main75.cmnd`) for Dark Matter production via an <ei>s</ei>-channel mediator, where a mono-jet <ei>pT</ei> spectrum is found with the FastJet package.
- main82.cc: do CKKW-L merging with a user-defined merging scale function. Input is provided by the `main82.cmnd` file and the three data files `w+_production_lhc_0.lhe`, `w+_production_lhc_1.lhe` and `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe`.

### Fixed target

- main19.cc: use several instances of Pythia, one for signal events and others for a variable number of pileup and "beam-gas" events, combined into one common event record. Illustrates how new Pythia instances can copy existing settings and particle data.

### FxFx

- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### Hadron widths

- main156.cc: perform parameterization of hadron widths and output the resulting tables.

### Hadronic rescattering

- main333.cc: illustrates the use of UserHooks to veto events after hadronization, but before any subsequent processes such as rescattering or Bose-Einstein.

### Hadronization

- main101.cc: shows how the string shoving mechanism, part of the rope hadronization framework, can be set up and used to generate ridge effects.
- main102.cc: shows how flavour production is changed in the rope hadronization framework.
- main15.cc: loop over several tries, either to redo B decays only or to redo the complete hadronization chain of an event. Since much of the generation process is only made once this is a way to increase efficiency.
- main21.cc: an example how a single particle or various parton-level configurations can be input directly for hadronization, without being tied to the full process-generation machinery, e.g. to study the hadronization of junction topologies. Can also be used for single-resonance decays, with showers.
- main25.cc: input RPV-SUSY events from an LHEF file that contains an SLHA spectrum inside its header. The event file, `main25.lhe`, contains a sample events that illustrate how to arrange color tags in the presence of the color-space epsilon tensors that accompany baryon number violating event topologies.
- main29.cc: colour reconnection models studied for top production. Illustrates how to set up the user hooks in `include/Pythia8Plugins/ColourReconnectionHooks.h`, with several models not found in the standard PYTHIA library.
- main301.cc: demonstrates the use of in-situ hadronization reweighting for variations of both kinematic and flavor hadronization parameters. The output compares multiplicity distributions from the default parameters to the reweighted output with the varied parameters and the output using the varied parameters without reweighting.
- main73.cc: a comparison of jet properties on the parton and the hadron level, illustrating possibilities for larger control of which particles are used in the jet analyses.

### Hard diffraction

- main68.cc: exemplifies hard diffraction in the context of a photon-inside-lepton beam, like a HERA.

### HDF5 file

- main46.cc: an example illustrating the generation of HepMC events using the HDF5 LHA format (LHAHDF5).

### Heavy ions

- main111.cc: simple pp collisions as in `main01.cc`, but using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions. Also shows how Rivet analyses can be set up easily using a special interface.
- main112.cc: p-Pb collisions at LHC energies, using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions, and analyzing events by centrality bins.
- main113.cc: Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies, using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions, and analyzing events by centrality bins.
- main70.cc: exemplifies how to provide an external photon flux for photo-production processes.

### Helaconia

- main35.cc: demonstrates how to generate quarkonia events with the external HelacOnia package interfaced to Pythia, and compare results with the internal implementation.

### Hepmc

- main280.cc: do CKKW-L merging with the VINCIA sector shower with HepMC2 output to use in RIVET analyses. Also redirects all Pythia output to a log file to reduce terminal output.
- main300.cc: allows to steer Pythia from the command line and can produce HepMC files and allows for OpenMP parallelization. More documentation can be obtained by executing `./main300 --help`. The input file main300.cmnd further illustrates the use of DIRE.
- main41.cc: similar to `main01`, except that the event record is output in the HepMC event record format. Requires that HepMC3 is properly linked. Note that the `hepmcout41.dat` output file can become quite big; so no example is included in this distribution.
- main42.cc: a streamlined version for the generation of events that are then stored in HepMC format, without any event analysis. That is, all physics studies will have to be done afterwards. The name of the input "cards file" (e.g. `main42.cmnd`) and output HepMC event file (e.g. `hepmcout42.dat`) are to be provided as command-line arguments. Requires that HepMC3 is properly linked. Note that the HepMC output file can become quite big; so no example is included in this distribution.
- main43.cc: a further extension of `main42.cc`, where subruns are used to process several consecutive LHEF, as in `main13.cc`, with information stored e.g in `main43.cmnd`. Other comments as for `main42.cc`.
- main44.cc: a legacy HepMC2 example, where subruns are used to process several consecutive LHEF, with information stored e.g in `main44.cmnd`. This example mainly serves as comparison to `main45.cc` which uses HepMC3.
- main45.cc: an example illustrating the generation of HepMC events using HepMC3, where subruns are used to process several consecutive LHEF. Input settings can e.g be stored in `main44.cmnd`. For users unfamiliar with HepMC3, note that `main44.cc` is basically a carbon copy, but uses HepMC2 instead, for comparison.
- main46.cc: an example illustrating the generation of HepMC events using the HDF5 LHA format (LHAHDF5).
- main84.cc: do CKKW-L merging with output in such a way that it can be used in subsequent RIVET analyses. Input is provided by the `main84.cmnd` file and the three data files `w+_production_lhc_0.lhe`, `w+_production_lhc_1.lhe` and `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe`.
- main85.cc: do CKKW-L merging, with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main85.cmnd` file. This example program allows the use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, and on which Pythia itself should enforce the more restrictive merging scale cut. The example program can be used with the input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe` and `w_production_tree_2.lhe`.
- main86.cc: do unitarised ME+PS (UMEPS) merging, with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main86.cmnd` file. This example program allows the consistent use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, similar to `main85.cc`. The example program can be used with the input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe` and `w_production_tree_2.lhe`. The program will produce positively and negatively weighted events. See UMEPS Merging for further details.
- main87.cc: do NL3 NLO merging, with inclusive NLO input, and with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main87.cmnd` file. This example program allows the consistent use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, similar to `main85.cc`. The example program can be used with the tree-level input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe`, `w_production_tree_2.lhe` and the inclusive POWHEG input files `w_production_powheg_0.lhe`, `w_production_powheg_1.lhe`. The program will produce positively and negatively weighted events. See NLO Merging (NL3 section) for further details.
- main88.cc: do unitarised NLO+PS (UNLOPS) merging, with inclusive NLO input, and with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main88.cmnd` file. This example program allows the consistent use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, similar to `main85.cc`. The example program can be used with the tree-level input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe`, `w_production_tree_2.lhe` and the inclusive POWHEG input files `w_production_powheg_0.lhe`, `w_production_powheg_1.lhe`. The program will produce positively and negatively weighted events. See NLO Merging (UNLOPS section) for further details.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.
- main93.cc: streamlined event generation with possibility to output ROOT files, output HepMC files and run RIVET analyses, all by specifying output modes in a cmnd file, where also the event generator settings are specified. The example is run with command line options, run `./main93 -h` to see a full list. See ROOT Usage for information about ROOT output, RIVET Usage for information about RIVET and HepMC Interface for information about HepMC.

### Hidden Valley

- main171.cc: three scenarios for Hidden Valley particle production, with a selection of further possible variations.

### Histograms

- main200.cc: simple example of the VINCIA (or DIRE) shower model(s), on Z decays at LEP I, with some basic event shapes, spectra, and multiplicity counts.

### Jet finding

- main05.cc: generation of QCD jet events at the LHC, with jet analysis using the `SlowJet` inclusive anti-<ei>kT</ei> sequential-recombination finder and the `CellJet` cone-jet finder.
- main06.cc: generation of LEP1 hadronic events, i.e. <ei>e^+e^- → gamma*/Z^0 → q qbar</ei>, with charged multiplicity, sphericity, thrust and jet analysis.
- main10.cc: illustration how userHooks can be used interact directly with the event-generation process.
- main10.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main10.cc`. Provides an example of how to derive PYTHIA classes in Python.
- main71.cc: an example how the FastJet jet finding package can be linked to allow an analysis of the final state, in this case for a study of <ei>W + jet</ei> production.
- main72.cc: a comparison of SlowJet and FastJet jet finding, showing that they find the same jets if run under identical conditions, in this case for QCD jets.
- main74.cc: exemplifies how to use one of the contributed add-ons to the FastJet package. In this case the modified Mass Drop Tagger is used to improve the mass reconstruction of a boosted hadronically decaying <ei>Z^0</ei>.
- main75.cc: setup (in `main75.cmnd`) for Dark Matter production via an <ei>s</ei>-channel mediator, where a mono-jet <ei>pT</ei> spectrum is found with the FastJet package.
- main82.cc: do CKKW-L merging with a user-defined merging scale function. Input is provided by the `main82.cmnd` file and the three data files `w+_production_lhc_0.lhe`, `w+_production_lhc_1.lhe` and `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe`.

### Jets

- main333.cc: illustrates the use of UserHooks to veto events after hadronization, but before any subsequent processes such as rescattering or Bose-Einstein.
- main68.cc: exemplifies hard diffraction in the context of a photon-inside-lepton beam, like a HERA.
- main95.cc: use ROOT to visualize different jet algoritms in (y,phi)-space. The jet clustering is done with FastJet. The produced figure was used in the article "50 years of Quantum Chromodynamics" in celebration of the 50th anniversary of QCD (EPJC).

### kT

- main82.cc: do CKKW-L merging with a user-defined merging scale function. Input is provided by the `main82.cmnd` file and the three data files `w+_production_lhc_0.lhe`, `w+_production_lhc_1.lhe` and `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe`.

### Leading order

- main280.cc: do CKKW-L merging with the VINCIA sector shower with HepMC2 output to use in RIVET analyses. Also redirects all Pythia output to a log file to reduce terminal output.
- main80.cc: do CKKW-L merging with a merging scale defined in <ei>kT</ei>. Input is provided by the `main80.cmnd` file and input LHE files. Very basic and pedagogical setup, suitable for tutorials.
- main81.cc: do CKKW-L merging with a merging scale defined in <ei>kT</ei>. Input is provided by the `main81.cmnd` file and the three data files `w+_production_lhc_0.lhe`, `w+_production_lhc_1.lhe` and `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe`.
- main82.cc: do CKKW-L merging with a user-defined merging scale function. Input is provided by the `main82.cmnd` file and the three data files `w+_production_lhc_0.lhe`, `w+_production_lhc_1.lhe` and `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe`.
- main83.cc: as `main82.cc` but with an additional cut on the lowest multiplicity allowed for the reclustered state. The same input as for `main82.cc` can be used.
- main84.cc: do CKKW-L merging with output in such a way that it can be used in subsequent RIVET analyses. Input is provided by the `main84.cmnd` file and the three data files `w+_production_lhc_0.lhe`, `w+_production_lhc_1.lhe` and `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe`.
- main85.cc: do CKKW-L merging, with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main85.cmnd` file. This example program allows the use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, and on which Pythia itself should enforce the more restrictive merging scale cut. The example program can be used with the input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe` and `w_production_tree_2.lhe`.
- main86.cc: do unitarised ME+PS (UMEPS) merging, with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main86.cmnd` file. This example program allows the consistent use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, similar to `main85.cc`. The example program can be used with the input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe` and `w_production_tree_2.lhe`. The program will produce positively and negatively weighted events. See UMEPS Merging for further details.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### LHAPDF

- main51.cc: a test of the shape of parton densities, as a check prior to using a given PDF set in a generator. Requires that LHAPDF is properly linked. Also shows how to plot histograms (with logarithmic <ei>x</ei> scale) using the Python/Matplotlib/Pyplot solution.
- main52.cc: compares the charged multiplicity distribution, and a few other minimum-bias physics aspects, between default PYTHIA PDF and another one. Requires that LHAPDF is properly linked.
- main53.cc: tests the possibility to do backwards evolution from an incoming photon at the hard interaction. Requires that you link to a LHAPDF set that includes the photon PDF.
- main54.cc: compares the internal and LHAPDF implementations of the NNPDF 2.3 QCD+QED sets, for results and for timing. Requires that LHAPDF is properly linked.

### LHE file

- main11.cc: a study of top events, fed in from the Les Houches Event File `ttbar.lhe`, here generated by PYTHIA 6.4. This file currently only contains 100 events so as not to make the distributed PYTHIA package too big, and so serves mainly as a demonstration of the principles involved.
- main12.cc: a more sophisticated variant of `main11.cc`, where two Les Houches Event Files (`ttbar.lhe` and `ttbar2.lhe`) successively are used as input. Also illustrating some other aspects, like the capability to mix in internally generated events.
- main13.cc: a streamlined version of `main12.cc`, where two Les Houches Event Files (`ttbar.lhe` and `ttbar2.lhe`) successively are used as input in `main13.cmnd` file.
- main20.cc: shows how PYTHIA 8 can write a Les Houches Event File, using facilities potentially useful also for other programs to write an LHEF. See also `main64.cc`.
- main25.cc: input RPV-SUSY events from an LHEF file that contains an SLHA spectrum inside its header. The event file, `main25.lhe`, contains a sample events that illustrate how to arrange color tags in the presence of the color-space epsilon tensors that accompany baryon number violating event topologies.
- main37.cc: shows how LHEF version 3.0 files can be read and used to fill several histograms of the same property, but with different event weights.
- main38.cc: an extended version of `main37.cc`, where additionally it is shown how to extract many different kinds of LHEF version 3.0 information.
- main42.cc: a streamlined version for the generation of events that are then stored in HepMC format, without any event analysis. That is, all physics studies will have to be done afterwards. The name of the input "cards file" (e.g. `main42.cmnd`) and output HepMC event file (e.g. `hepmcout42.dat`) are to be provided as command-line arguments. Requires that HepMC3 is properly linked. Note that the HepMC output file can become quite big; so no example is included in this distribution.
- main43.cc: a further extension of `main42.cc`, where subruns are used to process several consecutive LHEF, as in `main13.cc`, with information stored e.g in `main43.cmnd`. Other comments as for `main42.cc`.
- main44.cc: a legacy HepMC2 example, where subruns are used to process several consecutive LHEF, with information stored e.g in `main44.cmnd`. This example mainly serves as comparison to `main45.cc` which uses HepMC3.
- main45.cc: an example illustrating the generation of HepMC events using HepMC3, where subruns are used to process several consecutive LHEF. Input settings can e.g be stored in `main44.cmnd`. For users unfamiliar with HepMC3, note that `main44.cc` is basically a carbon copy, but uses HepMC2 instead, for comparison.
- main62.cc: illustrates how a user hook can be made to steer the angular distribution selection in resonance decays. The prime example would be if LHEF input, e.g. from Madgraph, contains undecayed resonances with helicity information. These would then be decayed isotropically by PYTHIA, but this example shows how one could do better. Some input in `main62.cmnd`.
- main64.cc: exemplifies how LHEF version 3 events can be written on an external file.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### LHEF

- main207.cc: VINCIA electroweak showers off an LHEF file for dark-matter annihilation. The VINCIA EW shower requires hard-process partons with assigned helicities. In this example, these are read in from the LHEF file.

### Lheh5

- main46.cc: an example illustrating the generation of HepMC events using the HDF5 LHA format (LHAHDF5).

### Low energy

- main151.cc: compare the energy dependence of the average charged multiplicity between the simple treatment in rescattering and the full framework.
- main152.cc: compare multiplicities and <ei>pT</ei> spectra with or without rescattering, the former with or without rescattering between nearest neighbours along the string.
- main153.cc: simple generation of low-energy events.
- main154.cc: plot the energy dependence of the low-energy cross sections used in the hadronic rescattering framework.
- main155.cc: plot the energy dependence of the low-energy cross sections, specifically the contribution from resonances.
- main157.cc: generate tetraquarks from the rescattering of a <ei>D0</ei> and <ei>Dbar*0</ei> beam.
- main158.cc: generate tetraquarks from the rescattering of <ei>D0</ei> and <ei>Dbar*0</ei> mesons produced in LHC events.

### Madgraph

- main205.cc: VINCIA setup for electroweak shower off a fictitious process for <ei>Z</ei> decay to neutrinos at high mass. (In the absence of a weak shower, these would not shower at all.) The VINCIA EW shower requires hard-process partons with assigned helicities. This is done via Pythia's MG5 matrix-element interface, which must be compiled and linked (using `configure --with-mg5mes`).
- main206.cc: previously `main203.cc` VINCIA setup for electroweak shower off high-pT dijets at the LHC. The VINCIA EW shower requires hard-process partons with assigned helicities. This is done via Pythia's MG5 matrix-element interface, which must be compiled and linked (using `configure --with-mg5mes`).
- main34.cc: demonstrates how Madgraph5_aMC@NLO can be run "from within" Pythia, making use of the `LHAupMadgraph` wrapper/interface of Madgraph5_aMC@NLO and the Pythia jet matching facilities.
- main34.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main34.cc`. Demonstrates usage of a PYTHIA plugin within the Python interface.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### Matching

- main31.cc: exemplifies an improved matching of parton showers to LHEF-style input based on the POWHEG approach. The `main31.cmnd` allows to switch between several different matching options. It also allows to select input process, in this case either for the POWHEG-hvq program applied to top pair production <ref>Cor10</ref> or for QCD 2+3-jet events. The small samples of input events are stored in the `powheg-hvq.lhe` and `powheg-dijets.lhe` files, respectively.
- main32.cc: exemplifies MLM merging, either in the ALPGEN variant or in the Madgraph one, and with input events either from ALPGEN or from Madgraph, with relevant control cards stored in `main32.cmnd`. See Jet Matching for further details. Traditionally the ALPGEN output is split into one file with events and another with parameters and cross sections (unlike in LHEF). Here a sample of <ei>W + 3 jets</ei> events is stored in `main32.unw` and the parameters to go with it in `main32_unw.par`. Madgraph events are taken from the `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe` file in this case.
- main33.cc: demonstrates how to link the POWHEGBOX matrix element programs dynamically, bypassing the need for intermediate LHE files. Two special files are used in this option: `include/Pythia8Plugins/LHAPowheg.h` contains the LHAup class wrapper used to build the POWHEG plugin libraries, and `include/Pythia8Plugins/PowhegProcs.h` the simple class that facilitates loading the POWHEG plugins. In addition `main33.cmnd` contains the commands needed for POWHEGBOX to run the example.
- main34.cc: demonstrates how Madgraph5_aMC@NLO can be run "from within" Pythia, making use of the `LHAupMadgraph` wrapper/interface of Madgraph5_aMC@NLO and the Pythia jet matching facilities.
- main34.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main34.cc`. Demonstrates usage of a PYTHIA plugin within the Python interface.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### Matplotlib

- main03.cc: a simple study of several different kinds of events, with the choice to be made in the `main03.cmnd` "cards file". Also shows how to plot histograms using the Python/Matplotlib/Pyplot solution.
- main07.cc: set up a fictitious production process to a generic resonance, where you easily can compose your own list of (two-body) decay modes to a variety of final states. Also traces decay chains down to truly stable particles: gamma, e+-, p/pbar and neutrinos. Suitable for astroparticle applications, like neutralino pair annihilation, where cross sections are calculated separately in another program. Also shows how to plot histograms using the Python/Matplotlib/Pyplot solution.
- main301.cc: demonstrates the use of in-situ hadronization reweighting for variations of both kinematic and flavor hadronization parameters. The output compares multiplicity distributions from the default parameters to the reweighted output with the varied parameters and the output using the varied parameters without reweighting.

### Merging

- main280.cc: do CKKW-L merging with the VINCIA sector shower with HepMC2 output to use in RIVET analyses. Also redirects all Pythia output to a log file to reduce terminal output.
- main31.cc: exemplifies an improved matching of parton showers to LHEF-style input based on the POWHEG approach. The `main31.cmnd` allows to switch between several different matching options. It also allows to select input process, in this case either for the POWHEG-hvq program applied to top pair production <ref>Cor10</ref> or for QCD 2+3-jet events. The small samples of input events are stored in the `powheg-hvq.lhe` and `powheg-dijets.lhe` files, respectively.
- main32.cc: exemplifies MLM merging, either in the ALPGEN variant or in the Madgraph one, and with input events either from ALPGEN or from Madgraph, with relevant control cards stored in `main32.cmnd`. See Jet Matching for further details. Traditionally the ALPGEN output is split into one file with events and another with parameters and cross sections (unlike in LHEF). Here a sample of <ei>W + 3 jets</ei> events is stored in `main32.unw` and the parameters to go with it in `main32_unw.par`. Madgraph events are taken from the `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe` file in this case.
- main33.cc: demonstrates how to link the POWHEGBOX matrix element programs dynamically, bypassing the need for intermediate LHE files. Two special files are used in this option: `include/Pythia8Plugins/LHAPowheg.h` contains the LHAup class wrapper used to build the POWHEG plugin libraries, and `include/Pythia8Plugins/PowhegProcs.h` the simple class that facilitates loading the POWHEG plugins. In addition `main33.cmnd` contains the commands needed for POWHEGBOX to run the example.
- main80.cc: do CKKW-L merging with a merging scale defined in <ei>kT</ei>. Input is provided by the `main80.cmnd` file and input LHE files. Very basic and pedagogical setup, suitable for tutorials.
- main81.cc: do CKKW-L merging with a merging scale defined in <ei>kT</ei>. Input is provided by the `main81.cmnd` file and the three data files `w+_production_lhc_0.lhe`, `w+_production_lhc_1.lhe` and `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe`.
- main82.cc: do CKKW-L merging with a user-defined merging scale function. Input is provided by the `main82.cmnd` file and the three data files `w+_production_lhc_0.lhe`, `w+_production_lhc_1.lhe` and `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe`.
- main83.cc: as `main82.cc` but with an additional cut on the lowest multiplicity allowed for the reclustered state. The same input as for `main82.cc` can be used.
- main84.cc: do CKKW-L merging with output in such a way that it can be used in subsequent RIVET analyses. Input is provided by the `main84.cmnd` file and the three data files `w+_production_lhc_0.lhe`, `w+_production_lhc_1.lhe` and `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe`.
- main85.cc: do CKKW-L merging, with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main85.cmnd` file. This example program allows the use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, and on which Pythia itself should enforce the more restrictive merging scale cut. The example program can be used with the input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe` and `w_production_tree_2.lhe`.
- main86.cc: do unitarised ME+PS (UMEPS) merging, with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main86.cmnd` file. This example program allows the consistent use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, similar to `main85.cc`. The example program can be used with the input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe` and `w_production_tree_2.lhe`. The program will produce positively and negatively weighted events. See UMEPS Merging for further details.
- main87.cc: do NL3 NLO merging, with inclusive NLO input, and with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main87.cmnd` file. This example program allows the consistent use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, similar to `main85.cc`. The example program can be used with the tree-level input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe`, `w_production_tree_2.lhe` and the inclusive POWHEG input files `w_production_powheg_0.lhe`, `w_production_powheg_1.lhe`. The program will produce positively and negatively weighted events. See NLO Merging (NL3 section) for further details.
- main88.cc: do unitarised NLO+PS (UNLOPS) merging, with inclusive NLO input, and with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main88.cmnd` file. This example program allows the consistent use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, similar to `main85.cc`. The example program can be used with the tree-level input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe`, `w_production_tree_2.lhe` and the inclusive POWHEG input files `w_production_powheg_0.lhe`, `w_production_powheg_1.lhe`. The program will produce positively and negatively weighted events. See NLO Merging (UNLOPS section) for further details.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### Minimum bias

- main04.cc: tests of cross sections, multiplicities and average transverse momenta for elastic, diffractive and nondiffractive topologies, using `main04.cmnd` to pick processes. For photoproduction one can use the alternative `main04_photons.cmnd` input.
- main52.cc: compares the charged multiplicity distribution, and a few other minimum-bias physics aspects, between default PYTHIA PDF and another one. Requires that LHAPDF is properly linked.

### MLM

- main32.cc: exemplifies MLM merging, either in the ALPGEN variant or in the Madgraph one, and with input events either from ALPGEN or from Madgraph, with relevant control cards stored in `main32.cmnd`. See Jet Matching for further details. Traditionally the ALPGEN output is split into one file with events and another with parameters and cross sections (unlike in LHEF). Here a sample of <ei>W + 3 jets</ei> events is stored in `main32.unw` and the parameters to go with it in `main32_unw.par`. Madgraph events are taken from the `w+_production_lhc_2.lhe` file in this case.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### MPI

- main77.cc: example on how double parton scattering events can be reweighted according to a different model than default in Pythia. Contributed by Boris Blok and Paolo Gunnellini.

### Multi‑instance

- main19.cc: use several instances of Pythia, one for signal events and others for a variable number of pileup and "beam-gas" events, combined into one common event record. Illustrates how new Pythia instances can copy existing settings and particle data.

### Multiplicities

- main151.cc: compare the energy dependence of the average charged multiplicity between the simple treatment in rescattering and the full framework.

### NL3

- main87.cc: do NL3 NLO merging, with inclusive NLO input, and with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main87.cmnd` file. This example program allows the consistent use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, similar to `main85.cc`. The example program can be used with the tree-level input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe`, `w_production_tree_2.lhe` and the inclusive POWHEG input files `w_production_powheg_0.lhe`, `w_production_powheg_1.lhe`. The program will produce positively and negatively weighted events. See NLO Merging (NL3 section) for further details.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### NLO

- main87.cc: do NL3 NLO merging, with inclusive NLO input, and with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main87.cmnd` file. This example program allows the consistent use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, similar to `main85.cc`. The example program can be used with the tree-level input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe`, `w_production_tree_2.lhe` and the inclusive POWHEG input files `w_production_powheg_0.lhe`, `w_production_powheg_1.lhe`. The program will produce positively and negatively weighted events. See NLO Merging (NL3 section) for further details.
- main88.cc: do unitarised NLO+PS (UNLOPS) merging, with inclusive NLO input, and with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main88.cmnd` file. This example program allows the consistent use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, similar to `main85.cc`. The example program can be used with the tree-level input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe`, `w_production_tree_2.lhe` and the inclusive POWHEG input files `w_production_powheg_0.lhe`, `w_production_powheg_1.lhe`. The program will produce positively and negatively weighted events. See NLO Merging (UNLOPS section) for further details.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### Onia

- main17.cc: shows (a) how to use UserHooks to regularize onium cross section for pT → 0, and (b) how decays could be handled externally.
- main35.cc: demonstrates how to generate quarkonia events with the external HelacOnia package interfaced to Pythia, and compare results with the internal implementation.
- main40.cc: calculates the inclusive branching fractions for the Standard Model Higgs into quarkonia using the LETO timelike parton shower.

### OpenMP

- main201.cc: comparison of VINCIA and Pythia on inclusive jets at LHC, with option to run the two generators in parallel using OpenMP. See `main204.cc` for how to do this with the Parallelism framework.
- main300.cc: allows to steer Pythia from the command line and can produce HepMC files and allows for OpenMP parallelization. More documentation can be obtained by executing `./main300 --help`. The input file main300.cmnd further illustrates the use of DIRE.

### Parallelism

- main161.cc: gives an example of `PythiaParallelism` usage. This program is equivalent to `main01.cc`, but does event generation in parallel.
- main162.cc: equivalent to `main161.cc`, but is much more heavily commented to give more in-depth explanations of how the code works.
- main162.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main162.cc`.
- main163.cc: perform analyses in parallel using the `Parallelism:processAsync` setting.
- main204.cc: demonstrates the example of `main201` using the Parallelism framework.
- main301.cc: demonstrates the use of in-situ hadronization reweighting for variations of both kinematic and flavor hadronization parameters. The output compares multiplicity distributions from the default parameters to the reweighted output with the varied parameters and the output using the varied parameters without reweighting.

### Particle data

- main39.py: standalone Python code that parses the XML particle database and displays data for a requested particle.

### Parton distribution

- main23.cc: shows how to write external classes, derived from PYTHIA base classes, that can be handed to PYTHIA for internal generation. The MIXMAX random number generator is this way compared with the default PYTHIA one. Explicit implementations are included for the generation of external beam momentum spread and vertex location, and for a simple scaling external parton distribution set.
- main51.cc: a test of the shape of parton densities, as a check prior to using a given PDF set in a generator. Requires that LHAPDF is properly linked. Also shows how to plot histograms (with logarithmic <ei>x</ei> scale) using the Python/Matplotlib/Pyplot solution.
- main52.cc: compares the charged multiplicity distribution, and a few other minimum-bias physics aspects, between default PYTHIA PDF and another one. Requires that LHAPDF is properly linked.
- main53.cc: tests the possibility to do backwards evolution from an incoming photon at the hard interaction. Requires that you link to a LHAPDF set that includes the photon PDF.
- main54.cc: compares the internal and LHAPDF implementations of the NNPDF 2.3 QCD+QED sets, for results and for timing. Requires that LHAPDF is properly linked.
- main55.cc: exemplifies how you can use the internal implementation of interpolation in an `lhagrid1.dat file`, without linking LHAPDF6. Also illustrates the topical issue of associated event properties for an intermediate spinless resonance in <ei>γ + γ → γ + γ</ei> at 750 GeV.

### PDFs

- main181.cc: plot PDFs for a large number of hadrons.

### Performance

- main333.cc: illustrates the use of UserHooks to veto events after hadronization, but before any subsequent processes such as rescattering or Bose-Einstein.

### Photon beam

- main53.cc: tests the possibility to do backwards evolution from an incoming photon at the hard interaction. Requires that you link to a LHAPDF set that includes the photon PDF.
- main55.cc: exemplifies how you can use the internal implementation of interpolation in an `lhagrid1.dat file`, without linking LHAPDF6. Also illustrates the topical issue of associated event properties for an intermediate spinless resonance in <ei>γ + γ → γ + γ</ei> at 750 GeV.
- main69.cc: exemplifies how to generate all relevant contributions for charged particle spectra in photon-photon and photon-proton collisions.
- main70.cc: exemplifies how to provide an external photon flux for photo-production processes.
- main78.cc: demonstrates how to generate different types of photon-initiated dilepton events in proton-proton collisions.

### Photon‑photon

- main69.cc: exemplifies how to generate all relevant contributions for charged particle spectra in photon-photon and photon-proton collisions.

### Photoproduction

- main68.cc: exemplifies hard diffraction in the context of a photon-inside-lepton beam, like a HERA.
- main69.cc: exemplifies how to generate all relevant contributions for charged particle spectra in photon-photon and photon-proton collisions.
- main70.cc: exemplifies how to provide an external photon flux for photo-production processes.
- main78.cc: demonstrates how to generate different types of photon-initiated dilepton events in proton-proton collisions.

### Pileup

- main19.cc: use several instances of Pythia, one for signal events and others for a variable number of pileup and "beam-gas" events, combined into one common event record. Illustrates how new Pythia instances can copy existing settings and particle data.

### Powheg

- main31.cc: exemplifies an improved matching of parton showers to LHEF-style input based on the POWHEG approach. The `main31.cmnd` allows to switch between several different matching options. It also allows to select input process, in this case either for the POWHEG-hvq program applied to top pair production <ref>Cor10</ref> or for QCD 2+3-jet events. The small samples of input events are stored in the `powheg-hvq.lhe` and `powheg-dijets.lhe` files, respectively.
- main33.cc: demonstrates how to link the POWHEGBOX matrix element programs dynamically, bypassing the need for intermediate LHE files. Two special files are used in this option: `include/Pythia8Plugins/LHAPowheg.h` contains the LHAup class wrapper used to build the POWHEG plugin libraries, and `include/Pythia8Plugins/PowhegProcs.h` the simple class that facilitates loading the POWHEG plugins. In addition `main33.cmnd` contains the commands needed for POWHEGBOX to run the example.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### Process cross sections

- main14.cc: a systematic comparison of several cross section values with their corresponding values in PYTHIA 6.4, the latter available as a table in the code.

### Process selection

- main03.cc: a simple study of several different kinds of events, with the choice to be made in the `main03.cmnd` "cards file". Also shows how to plot histograms using the Python/Matplotlib/Pyplot solution.

### Process veto

- main10.cc: illustration how userHooks can be used interact directly with the event-generation process.
- main10.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main10.cc`. Provides an example of how to derive PYTHIA classes in Python.

### Proton‑ion

- main112.cc: p-Pb collisions at LHC energies, using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions, and analyzing events by centrality bins.

### pT bias

- main08.cc: generation of the QCD jet cross section biased towards higher pT values, by two different techniques. Firstly, by splitting the run into subruns, each in its own <ei>pT</ei> bin, and adding the results properly reweighted. Two suboptions, with limits set either in the main program or by subrun specification in the `main08.cmnd` file. Secondly, by a continuous reweighting with a <ei>pT^4</ei> bias in the selection, compensated by a <ei>1/pT^4</ei> event weight. Also inclusion of soft processes is illustrated, with subruns and weighted events.

### pT spectra

- main152.cc: compare multiplicities and <ei>pT</ei> spectra with or without rescattering, the former with or without rescattering between nearest neighbours along the string.

### Pythia 6

- main14.cc: a systematic comparison of several cross section values with their corresponding values in PYTHIA 6.4, the latter available as a table in the code.
- main30.cc: example how to create a tailor-made copy of the ordinary event record, here with hard-process history tracing closer to the PYTHIA 6 conventions.

### Python

- main01.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main01.cc`.
- main03.cc: a simple study of several different kinds of events, with the choice to be made in the `main03.cmnd` "cards file". Also shows how to plot histograms using the Python/Matplotlib/Pyplot solution.
- main07.cc: set up a fictitious production process to a generic resonance, where you easily can compose your own list of (two-body) decay modes to a variety of final states. Also traces decay chains down to truly stable particles: gamma, e+-, p/pbar and neutrinos. Suitable for astroparticle applications, like neutralino pair annihilation, where cross sections are calculated separately in another program. Also shows how to plot histograms using the Python/Matplotlib/Pyplot solution.
- main10.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main10.cc`. Provides an example of how to derive PYTHIA classes in Python.
- main162.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main162.cc`.
- main34.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main34.cc`. Demonstrates usage of a PYTHIA plugin within the Python interface.
- main39.py: standalone Python code that parses the XML particle database and displays data for a requested particle.

### R‑hadron

- main28.cc: production of long-lived R-hadrons, that are forced to decay at a separate vertices and possibly with changed momenta.

### Random number generator

- main23.cc: shows how to write external classes, derived from PYTHIA base classes, that can be handed to PYTHIA for internal generation. The MIXMAX random number generator is this way compared with the default PYTHIA one. Explicit implementations are included for the generation of external beam momentum spread and vertex location, and for a simple scaling external parton distribution set.

### Rescattering

- main151.cc: compare the energy dependence of the average charged multiplicity between the simple treatment in rescattering and the full framework.
- main152.cc: compare multiplicities and <ei>pT</ei> spectra with or without rescattering, the former with or without rescattering between nearest neighbours along the string.
- main154.cc: plot the energy dependence of the low-energy cross sections used in the hadronic rescattering framework.
- main155.cc: plot the energy dependence of the low-energy cross sections, specifically the contribution from resonances.

### Resonance decay

- main22.cc: shows how an external resonance can be implemented as a new class derived from a PYTHIA base class, and be used in an external process, both of them handed in for generation as with normal internal classes.
- main62.cc: illustrates how a user hook can be made to steer the angular distribution selection in resonance decays. The prime example would be if LHEF input, e.g. from Madgraph, contains undecayed resonances with helicity information. These would then be decayed isotropically by PYTHIA, but this example shows how one could do better. Some input in `main62.cmnd`.

### Resonances

- main155.cc: plot the energy dependence of the low-energy cross sections, specifically the contribution from resonances.
- main157.cc: generate tetraquarks from the rescattering of a <ei>D0</ei> and <ei>Dbar*0</ei> beam.
- main158.cc: generate tetraquarks from the rescattering of <ei>D0</ei> and <ei>Dbar*0</ei> mesons produced in LHC events.

### reuse MPI initialization

- main182.cc: test switching between hadron beams on an event-by-event basis. Compare running times for different scenarios.

### Reweighting

- main301.cc: demonstrates the use of in-situ hadronization reweighting for variations of both kinematic and flavor hadronization parameters. The output compares multiplicity distributions from the default parameters to the reweighted output with the varied parameters and the output using the varied parameters without reweighting.

### Rivet

- main111.cc: simple pp collisions as in `main01.cc`, but using the Angantyr model for Heavy Ion collisions. Also shows how Rivet analyses can be set up easily using a special interface.
- main93.cc: streamlined event generation with possibility to output ROOT files, output HepMC files and run RIVET analyses, all by specifying output modes in a cmnd file, where also the event generator settings are specified. The example is run with command line options, run `./main93 -h` to see a full list. See ROOT Usage for information about ROOT output, RIVET Usage for information about RIVET and HepMC Interface for information about HepMC.

### Root

- main91.cc: shows how ROOT can be used for histogramming in a program that for the rest is structured like a normal PYTHIA run.
- main93.cc: streamlined event generation with possibility to output ROOT files, output HepMC files and run RIVET analyses, all by specifying output modes in a cmnd file, where also the event generator settings are specified. The example is run with command line options, run `./main93 -h` to see a full list. See ROOT Usage for information about ROOT output, RIVET Usage for information about RIVET and HepMC Interface for information about HepMC.
- main94.cc: use ROOT to visualize the particles produced by Pythia in (y,phi)-space.
- main95.cc: use ROOT to visualize different jet algoritms in (y,phi)-space. The jet clustering is done with FastJet. The produced figure was used in the article "50 years of Quantum Chromodynamics" in celebration of the 50th anniversary of QCD (EPJC).

### Rope hadronization

- main102.cc: shows how flavour production is changed in the rope hadronization framework.

### Second interaction

- main09.cc: generation of two predetermined hard interactions in each event.

### Slowjet

- main05.cc: generation of QCD jet events at the LHC, with jet analysis using the `SlowJet` inclusive anti-<ei>kT</ei> sequential-recombination finder and the `CellJet` cone-jet finder.
- main72.cc: a comparison of SlowJet and FastJet jet finding, showing that they find the same jets if run under identical conditions, in this case for QCD jets.

### String shoving

- main101.cc: shows how the string shoving mechanism, part of the rope hadronization framework, can be set up and used to generate ridge effects.

### Supersymmetry

- main24.cc: tests of internally implemented cross sections for Supersymmetric particle production, with SUSY spectrum defined in `slha2-example.spc` and settings in `main24.cmnd`. For illustration, an alternative example spectrum is also available, `sps1aWithDecays.spc`, which contains a decay table in SLHA format.
- main76.cc: simple setup for Dark Matter production in several different scenarios, as specified in `main76.cmnd`, notably with long-lived particle signatures.

### Switch beam

- main182.cc: test switching between hadron beams on an event-by-event basis. Compare running times for different scenarios.
- main183.cc: simple example of how Pythia can be used to simulate a basic hadronic cascade in the atmosphere.
- main184.cc: as `main183.cc`, but using the `PythiaCascade` class to perform the separate collisions or decays, while the bookkeeping of the cascade evolution remains in the main program.
- main185.cc: an even simpler example of one collision or decay at a time, as performed in `PythiaCascade`.

### Switch collision energy

- main182.cc: test switching between hadron beams on an event-by-event basis. Compare running times for different scenarios.
- main183.cc: simple example of how Pythia can be used to simulate a basic hadronic cascade in the atmosphere.
- main184.cc: as `main183.cc`, but using the `PythiaCascade` class to perform the separate collisions or decays, while the bookkeeping of the cascade evolution remains in the main program.
- main185.cc: an even simpler example of one collision or decay at a time, as performed in `PythiaCascade`.

### Tevatron

- main02.cc: a simple study of the <ei>pT</ei> spectrum of Z bosons at the Tevatron (brief example fitting on one slide).

### Top

- main202.cc: VINCIA setup for ttbar production at LHC, with measurement of run time and options to switch various shower and MPI/hadronization components on/off via command file.

### Top mass

- main29.cc: colour reconnection models studied for top production. Illustrates how to set up the user hooks in `include/Pythia8Plugins/ColourReconnectionHooks.h`, with several models not found in the standard PYTHIA library.

### Tuning

- main121.cc: set up automatic uncertainty band variations to PDFs and factorization and renormalization scales.
- main301.cc: demonstrates the use of in-situ hadronization reweighting for variations of both kinematic and flavor hadronization parameters. The output compares multiplicity distributions from the default parameters to the reweighted output with the varied parameters and the output using the varied parameters without reweighting.
- main52.cc: compares the charged multiplicity distribution, and a few other minimum-bias physics aspects, between default PYTHIA PDF and another one. Requires that LHAPDF is properly linked.
- main93.cc: streamlined event generation with possibility to output ROOT files, output HepMC files and run RIVET analyses, all by specifying output modes in a cmnd file, where also the event generator settings are specified. The example is run with command line options, run `./main93 -h` to see a full list. See ROOT Usage for information about ROOT output, RIVET Usage for information about RIVET and HepMC Interface for information about HepMC.

### Two‑body decay

- main07.cc: set up a fictitious production process to a generic resonance, where you easily can compose your own list of (two-body) decay modes to a variety of final states. Also traces decay chains down to truly stable particles: gamma, e+-, p/pbar and neutrinos. Suitable for astroparticle applications, like neutralino pair annihilation, where cross sections are calculated separately in another program. Also shows how to plot histograms using the Python/Matplotlib/Pyplot solution.

### UMEPS

- main86.cc: do unitarised ME+PS (UMEPS) merging, with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main86.cmnd` file. This example program allows the consistent use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, similar to `main85.cc`. The example program can be used with the input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe` and `w_production_tree_2.lhe`. The program will produce positively and negatively weighted events. See UMEPS Merging for further details.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### Uncertainty bands

- main121.cc: set up automatic uncertainty band variations to PDFs and factorization and renormalization scales.

### UNLOPS

- main88.cc: do unitarised NLO+PS (UNLOPS) merging, with inclusive NLO input, and with HepMC event output. Input settings are provided by the `main88.cmnd` file. This example program allows the consistent use of input Les Houches events that are regularised with only very minimal cuts, similar to `main85.cc`. The example program can be used with the tree-level input files `w_production_tree_0.lhe`, `w_production_tree_1.lhe`, `w_production_tree_2.lhe` and the inclusive POWHEG input files `w_production_powheg_0.lhe`, `w_production_powheg_1.lhe`. The program will produce positively and negatively weighted events. See NLO Merging (UNLOPS section) for further details.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### UPC

- main70.cc: exemplifies how to provide an external photon flux for photo-production processes.
- main78.cc: demonstrates how to generate different types of photon-initiated dilepton events in proton-proton collisions.

### User hook

- main103.cc: shows how to use a filter to select a specific final state from resonance decays.

### Userhooks

- main10.cc: illustration how userHooks can be used interact directly with the event-generation process.
- main10.py: a Python interface equivalent of `main10.cc`. Provides an example of how to derive PYTHIA classes in Python.
- main17.cc: shows (a) how to use UserHooks to regularize onium cross section for pT → 0, and (b) how decays could be handled externally.
- main333.cc: illustrates the use of UserHooks to veto events after hadronization, but before any subsequent processes such as rescattering or Bose-Einstein.
- main62.cc: illustrates how a user hook can be made to steer the angular distribution selection in resonance decays. The prime example would be if LHEF input, e.g. from Madgraph, contains undecayed resonances with helicity information. These would then be decayed isotropically by PYTHIA, but this example shows how one could do better. Some input in `main62.cmnd`.
- main63.cc: exemplifies how rare emissions can be enhanced in the shower.
- main89.cc: do matching/merging according to five alternative methods, simply by choosing which `.cmnd` file to read: `main89ckkwl.cmnd` for CKKW-L, `main89fxfx.cmnd` for FxFx, `main89mlm.cmnd` for MLM, `main89umeps.cmnd` for UMEPS, and `main89unlops.cmnd` for UNLOPS.

### Vertex spread

- main23.cc: shows how to write external classes, derived from PYTHIA base classes, that can be handed to PYTHIA for internal generation. The MIXMAX random number generator is this way compared with the default PYTHIA one. Explicit implementations are included for the generation of external beam momentum spread and vertex location, and for a simple scaling external parton distribution set.

### Vincia

- main200.cc: simple example of the VINCIA (or DIRE) shower model(s), on Z decays at LEP I, with some basic event shapes, spectra, and multiplicity counts.
- main201.cc: comparison of VINCIA and Pythia on inclusive jets at LHC, with option to run the two generators in parallel using OpenMP. See `main204.cc` for how to do this with the Parallelism framework.
- main202.cc: VINCIA setup for ttbar production at LHC, with measurement of run time and options to switch various shower and MPI/hadronization components on/off via command file.
- main204.cc: demonstrates the example of `main201` using the Parallelism framework.
- main205.cc: VINCIA setup for electroweak shower off a fictitious process for <ei>Z</ei> decay to neutrinos at high mass. (In the absence of a weak shower, these would not shower at all.) The VINCIA EW shower requires hard-process partons with assigned helicities. This is done via Pythia's MG5 matrix-element interface, which must be compiled and linked (using `configure --with-mg5mes`).
- main206.cc: previously `main203.cc` VINCIA setup for electroweak shower off high-pT dijets at the LHC. The VINCIA EW shower requires hard-process partons with assigned helicities. This is done via Pythia's MG5 matrix-element interface, which must be compiled and linked (using `configure --with-mg5mes`).
- main207.cc: VINCIA electroweak showers off an LHEF file for dark-matter annihilation. The VINCIA EW shower requires hard-process partons with assigned helicities. In this example, these are read in from the LHEF file.
- main280.cc: do CKKW-L merging with the VINCIA sector shower with HepMC2 output to use in RIVET analyses. Also redirects all Pythia output to a log file to reduce terminal output.
- main300.cc: allows to steer Pythia from the command line and can produce HepMC files and allows for OpenMP parallelization. More documentation can be obtained by executing `./main300 --help`. The input file main300.cmnd further illustrates the use of DIRE.

### Weak showers

- main205.cc: VINCIA setup for electroweak shower off a fictitious process for <ei>Z</ei> decay to neutrinos at high mass. (In the absence of a weak shower, these would not shower at all.) The VINCIA EW shower requires hard-process partons with assigned helicities. This is done via Pythia's MG5 matrix-element interface, which must be compiled and linked (using `configure --with-mg5mes`).
- main206.cc: previously `main203.cc` VINCIA setup for electroweak shower off high-pT dijets at the LHC. The VINCIA EW shower requires hard-process partons with assigned helicities. This is done via Pythia's MG5 matrix-element interface, which must be compiled and linked (using `configure --with-mg5mes`).
- main207.cc: VINCIA electroweak showers off an LHEF file for dark-matter annihilation. The VINCIA EW shower requires hard-process partons with assigned helicities. In this example, these are read in from the LHEF file.

### Z production

- main02.cc: a simple study of the <ei>pT</ei> spectrum of Z bosons at the Tevatron (brief example fitting on one slide).
- main61.cc: exemplifies the generation of hard diffractive processes.