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# scipy.special.stdtr

scipy.special.stdtr(df, t, out=None) = <ufunc 'stdtr'>

  Student t distribution cumulative distribution function

  Returns the integral:

  \[\frac{\Gamma((df+1)/2)}{\sqrt{\pi df} \Gamma(df/2)} \int_{-\infty}^t (1+x^2/df)^{-(df+1)/2}\, dx\]
  Parameters:
    dfarray_like

      Degrees of freedom

    tarray_like

      Upper bound of the integral

    outndarray, optional

      Optional output array for the function results

  Returns:
    scalar or ndarray

      Value of the Student t CDF at t

  See also

  `stdtridf`

    inverse of stdtr with respect to df

  `stdtrit`

    inverse of stdtr with respect to t

  `scipy.stats.t`

    student t distribution

  Notes

  The student t distribution is also available as `scipy.stats.t`. Calling `stdtr` directly can improve performance compared to the `cdf` method of `scipy.stats.t` (see last example below).

  `stdtr` has experimental support for Python Array API Standard compatible backends in addition to NumPy. Please consider testing these features by setting an environment variable `SCIPY_ARRAY_API=1` and providing CuPy, PyTorch, JAX, or Dask arrays as array arguments. The following combinations of backend and device (or other capability) are supported.

  Library | CPU | GPU
  --- | --- | ---
  NumPy | ✅ | n/a
  CuPy | n/a | ✅
  PyTorch | ✅ | ⛔
  JAX | ✅ | ✅
  Dask | ✅ | n/a

  See Support for the array API standard for more information.

  Examples

  Calculate the function for `df=3` at `t=1`.

      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> from scipy.special import stdtr
      >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
      >>> stdtr(3, 1)
      0.8044988905221148

  Plot the function for three different degrees of freedom.

      >>> x = np.linspace(-10, 10, 1000)
      >>> fig, ax = plt.subplots()
      >>> parameters = [(1, "solid"), (3, "dashed"), (10, "dotted")]
      >>> for (df, linestyle) in parameters:
      ...     ax.plot(x, stdtr(df, x), ls=linestyle, label=f"$df={df}$")
      >>> ax.legend()
      >>> ax.set_title("Student t distribution cumulative distribution function")
      >>> plt.show()

  The function can be computed for several degrees of freedom at the same time by providing a NumPy array or list for df:

      >>> stdtr([1, 2, 3], 1)
      array([0.75      , 0.78867513, 0.80449889])

  It is possible to calculate the function at several points for several different degrees of freedom simultaneously by providing arrays for df and t with shapes compatible for broadcasting. Compute `stdtr` at 4 points for 3 degrees of freedom resulting in an array of shape 3x4.

      >>> dfs = np.array([[1], [2], [3]])
      >>> t = np.array([2, 4, 6, 8])
      >>> dfs.shape, t.shape
      ((3, 1), (4,))

      >>> stdtr(dfs, t)
      array([[0.85241638, 0.92202087, 0.94743154, 0.96041658],
             [0.90824829, 0.97140452, 0.98666426, 0.99236596],
             [0.93033702, 0.98599577, 0.99536364, 0.99796171]])

  The t distribution is also available as `scipy.stats.t`. Calling `stdtr` directly can be much faster than calling the `cdf` method of `scipy.stats.t`. To get the same results, one must use the following parametrization: `scipy.stats.t(df).cdf(x) = stdtr(df, x)`.

      >>> from scipy.stats import t
      >>> df, x = 3, 1
      >>> stdtr_result = stdtr(df, x)  # this can be faster than below
      >>> stats_result = t(df).cdf(x)
      >>> stats_result == stdtr_result  # test that results are equal
      True